ChocolateBa koyaushe ya kasance abin jin daɗi ba: a cikin ƴan shekaru dubun da suka gabata, ya kasance ɗanɗano mai ɗaci, abin sha na hadaya mai yaji, da alamar ɗaukaka.Ya haifar da muhawarar addini, mayaka sun cinye shi, kuma bayi da yara suka yi noma.

To ta yaya muka samu daga nan zuwa yau?Bari mu dan kalli tarihin shan cakulan a duniya.

Luxury madara zafi cakulan.

ASALIN tatsuniyoyi

Kofi yana da Kaldi.Chocolate yana da alloli.A cikin tatsuniyar Mayan, Macijin Plumed ya ba mutane cacao bayan da alloli suka gano shi a cikin wani dutse.A halin yanzu, a cikin tarihin Aztec, Quetzalcoatl ne ya ba da ita ga mutane bayan gano shi a cikin dutse.

Akwai bambance-bambance a kan waɗannan tatsuniyoyi, duk da haka.Gidan Museu de la Xocolata a Barcelona ya rubuta labarin wata gimbiya wadda mijinta ya tuhume ta da kare ƙasarsa da dukiyarsa yayin da yake tafiya.Lokacin da makiyansa suka zo suka yi mata dukan tsiya amma har yanzu ba ta bayyana inda dukiyarsa ta boye ba.Quetzalcoatl ta ga wannan kuma ta mayar da jininta zuwa itacen cacao, kuma wannan, sun ce, dalilin da ya sa 'ya'yan itacen ya kasance mai ɗaci, kamar "ƙarfi kamar nagarta", kuma ja kamar jini.

Abu ɗaya ya tabbata: ko da menene asalinsa, tarihin cakulan yana da alaƙa da jini, mutuwa, da addini.

Duffy 72% Honduras cakulan duhu.

ADDINI, CINIKI, DA YAKI A MESOAMERICA

An sayar da Cacao kuma ana cinye shi a duk ƙasar Mesoamerica ta d ¯ a tare da, mafi shahara, ana amfani da wake azaman kuɗi.

Abin sha - wanda galibi ana yin shi da ƙasa da gasasshen wake na cacao, chilli, vanilla, sauran kayan yaji, wani lokacin masara, da zumar da ba kasafai ake yin su ba, kafin a daɗe-ya kasance mai ɗaci da kuzari.Manta kofin koko na dare: wannan abin sha ne ga mayaka.Kuma ina nufin cewa a zahiri: Montezuma II, sarkin Aztec na ƙarshe, ya yi mulki cewa mayaka ne kawai za su iya sha.(A karkashin shugabannin da suka gabata, duk da haka, Aztecs za su sha shi a bukukuwan aure.)

Olmecs, ɗaya daga cikin farkon wayewar yankin, ba su da rubutaccen tarihi amma an sami alamun cacao a cikin tukwane da suka bari.Daga baya, theSmithsonian Mag ya ba da rahoton cewa Mayas sun yi amfani da abin sha a matsayin "abinci mai tsarki, alamar daraja, cibiyar zamantakewa, da kuma al'adu".

Carol Off ya gano alakar Mayan tsakanin cacao, alloli, da jini a cikiChocolate mai ɗaci: Binciken Bangaran Duhun Mafi Raɗaɗi na Duniya, suna bayyana yadda aka kwatanta alloli da kwas ɗin cacao har ma suna yayyafa jinin nasu akan girbin cacao.

Cacao wake.

Hakanan, Dr Simon Martin yayi nazarin kayan tarihi na Mayan a cikinChocolate a Mesoamerica: Tarihin Al'adu na Cacao (2006)don jaddada alakar mutuwa, rayuwa, addini, da kasuwanci da cakulan.

Lokacin da Allahn masara ya ci nasara da alloli na ƙasa, ya rubuta, ya watsar da jikinsa kuma daga cikin wannan shuka itacen cacao, da sauran tsire-tsire.Shugaban alloli na duniya, wanda ya mallaki itacen cacao, ana kwatanta shi da bishiyar da fakitin ɗan kasuwa.Daga baya, an kubutar da itacen cacao daga allahn duniya kuma allahn masara ya sake haifuwa.

Yadda muke kallon rayuwa da mutuwa ba lallai ba ne irin yadda Mayawan zamanin da suka kalli su ba, ba shakka.Yayin da muke danganta duniya da jahannama, wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa al'adun Mesoamerican na da sun dauke shi wuri mafi tsaka tsaki.Amma duk da haka alakar cacao da mutuwa ba a musantawa.

A cikin lokutan Mayan da Aztec, an kuma ba da hadayu da cakulan kafin su tafi mutuwarsu (Carol Off, Chloe Doutre-Roussel).A gaskiya ma, a cewar Bee Wilson, "a cikin al'adar Aztec, cacao ya kasance misali ne na zuciya da aka tsage a cikin hadaya - tsaba a cikin kwafsa ana zaton kamar jini ne da ke zubar daga jikin mutum.Wani lokaci ana rina ruwan cakulan-janye tare da annatto don jadada batun. "

Hakazalika, Amanda Fiegl ta rubuta a cikin Mujallar Smithsonian cewa, ga Mayans da Aztecs, cacao yana da alaƙa da haihuwa - lokacin da ba shi da alaƙa da jini, mutuwa, da haihuwa.

Tarihin farko na shan cacao bai ga cakulan a matsayin magani na hutun shayi ko jin daɗin laifi ba.Don al'adun Mesoamerican suna girma, kasuwanci, da cinye wannan abin sha, samfuri ne mai mahimmancin addini da al'adu.

Cacao wake da cakulan mashaya.

GWAJIN TURAWA DA SAURAN CHOCOLATE

Lokacin da cacao ya zo Turai, komai ya canza.Har yanzu samfuri ne na alatu, kuma lokaci-lokaci yana haifar da muhawarar addini, amma ya rasa yawancin alaƙarsa da rayuwa da mutuwa.

Stephen T Beckett ya rubuta a cikiKimiyyar Chocolatecewa, ko da yake Columbus ya dawo da wasu wake na cacao zuwa Turai "a matsayin sha'awar", sai a cikin 1520s Hernán Cortés ya gabatar da abin sha ga Spain.

Kuma sai a shekarun 1600 ne ta yadu zuwa sauran kasashen Turai – sau da yawa ta hanyar auren ‘ya’yan sarakunan Spain da shugabannin kasashen waje.A cewar Museu de la Xocolata, wata sarauniya Bafaranshiya tana rike da kuyanga musamman wanda aka horar da su kan shirya cakulan.Vienna ta shahara da zafafan cakulan da kek, yayin da a wasu wurare, ana ba da ita da kankara da dusar ƙanƙara.

Hanyoyin Turai a wannan lokacin za a iya raba su cikin al'adu biyu: Mutanen Espanya ko Italiyanci inda cakulan zafi ya kasance mai kauri da syrupy (cakulan cakulan tare da churros) ko kuma salon Faransanci inda ya fi sauƙi (tunanin ku daidaitaccen cakulan cakulan).

An kara madara a cikin kwandon, wanda har yanzu yana cikin ruwa, a cikin ƙarshen 1600s ko farkon 1700s (majiyoyin suna muhawara ko Nicholas Sanders ko Hans Sloane ne, amma ko wanene, ya bayyana cewa Sarki George II na Ingila ya amince).

Daga ƙarshe, cakulan ya haɗu da kofi da shayi a cikin samun sadaukarwar wuraren sha: gidan cakulan farko, The Cocoa Tree, ya buɗe a Ingila a 1654.

Cakulan gargajiya tare da churros a Badalona, ​​Spain.

RIKICIN ADDINI & AL'UMMA

Duk da haka duk da shaharar cakulan a tsakanin manyan Turai, abin sha ya haifar da muhawara.

A cewar Museu de la Xocolata, mazaunan Mutanen Espanya ba su da tabbacin ko abinci ne - don haka ko za a iya cinye shi a lokacin azumi.(Beckett ya ce wani shugaban Kirista ya yanke hukunci cewa ba daidai ba ne a cinye shi tun yana da zafi sosai.)

Da farko, William Gervase Clarence-Smith ya rubuta a cikiCocoa da Chocolate, 1765-1914, Furotesta "ƙarfafa amfani da cakulan a matsayin madadin barasa".Duk da haka yayin da zamanin Baroque ya ƙare a ƙarshen 1700s, koma baya ya fara.Abin sha ya kasance yana da alaƙa da "malamai marasa aiki da masu mulkin Katolika da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi".

A wannan lokacin, an yi tashe-tashen hankula da tashe-tashen hankula a duk fadin Turai, tun daga juyin juya halin Faransa zuwa yakin manoma.Yaƙin basasa na Ingila, wanda ya ga ’yan Katolika da sarakuna suna yaƙi da Furotesta da ’yan Majalisu, ya ƙare ba da daɗewa ba.Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin yadda cakulan da kofi, ko cakulan da shayi, aka gane suna wakiltar waɗannan matsalolin zamantakewa.

Alamar cakulan cake.

AMURKA DA ASIYA NA FARKO

A halin yanzu, a Latin Amurka, shan cakulan ya kasance babban jigon rayuwar yau da kullun.Clarence-Smith ya rubuta game da yadda yawancin yankin ke shan cakulan akai-akai.Ba kamar a Turai ba, in ji shi, ana yawan amfani da shi, musamman a tsakanin al’ummomin da ke fama da talauci.

An sha Chocolate har sau hudu a rana.A Mexico,mole poblanoan dafa kaji a cikin cakulan da chilli.A Guatemala, wani bangare ne na karin kumallo.Venezuela na shan kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na girbin kokon da take samu kowace shekara.Lima tana da gungun masu yin cakulan.Yawancin Amurkawa ta Tsakiya sun ci gaba da amfani da cacao a matsayin kuɗi.

Duk da haka, ba kamar kasuwancin kofi da shayi ba, cakulan ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin Asiya.Yayinda yake shahara a Philippines, Clarence-Smith ya rubuta cewa a wasu wurare ya kasa canza masu sha.An fi son shayi a Tsakiya da Gabashin Asiya, Arewacin Afirka, da abin da yake a lokacin Farisa.An fi son kofi a ƙasashen musulmi, ciki har da yawancin kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

Mace ta shiryamole poblano.

A cikin Turai, yayin da karni na sha tara ya iso, cakulan a ƙarshe ya fara rasa babban suna.

Taron karawa juna sani na cakulan ya kasance tun 1777, lokacin da aka bude daya a Barcelona.Duk da haka yayin da ake samar da cakulan yanzu a kan sikeli mai girma, aikin da ya yi ƙwazo da yawan haraji a faɗin Turai har yanzu ya sa ya zama kayan alatu.

Wannan duk ya canza, duk da haka, tare da latsa koko, wanda ya buɗe hanyar yin aiki mai girma.A cikin 1819, Switzerland ta fara samar da manyan masana'antar cakulan sannan a cikin 1828, Coenraad Johannes van Houten ya ƙirƙira foda koko a cikin Netherlands.Wannan ya ba JS Fry & Sons a Ingila damar ƙirƙirar mashaya cakulan na farko na zamani a cikin 1847 - wanda suka yi ta amfani da fasahar injin tururi.

Squares na cakulan duhu.

Ba da da ewa ba, Beckett ya rubuta cewa Henry Nestlé da Daniel Peter sun ƙara dabarar madarar madara don ƙirƙirar cakulan madara wanda a yau ya shahara a duniya.

A wannan lokacin, cakulan ya kasance mai laushi.Duk da haka, a cikin 1880, Rodolphe Lindt ya ƙirƙira conche, kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar cakulan mai laushi da ƙarancin astringent.Conching ya kasance babban mataki na samar da cakulan har yau.

Kamfanoni kamar Mars da Hershey sun biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba, kuma duniyar cakulan-daraja ta isa.

Chocolate da goro brownies.

MULKI & BAUTA

Amma duk da haka manyan matakan amfani sun buƙaci samar da girma, kuma Turai sau da yawa ta kan jawo masaulolinta don ciyar da ƴan ƙasa masu sha'awar cakulan.Kamar yawancin kayayyaki na wannan lokacin, bauta ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga sarkar kaya.

Kuma bayan lokaci, cakulan da ake cinyewa a Paris da London da Madrid ya zama, ba Latin Amurka da Caribbean ba, amma na Afirka.A cewar Africa Geographic, cacao ya zo nahiyar ne ta hanyar São Tomé da Principe, tsibirin tsibirin da ke gabar tekun Afirka ta Tsakiya.A shekara ta 1822, lokacin da São Tomé da Principe ke mulkin mallaka na Daular Portugal, ɗan ƙasar Brazil João Baptista Silva ya gabatar da amfanin gona.A cikin shekarun 1850, samarwa ya karu - duk sakamakon aikin bawa.

A shekara ta 1908, São Tomé da Principe sune manyan masu samar da cacao a duniya.Duk da haka, wannan ya zama lakabi na ɗan gajeren lokaci.Jama'a na Biritaniya sun ji rahotannin aikin bayi a gonakin cacao a São Tomé da Principe kuma Cadbury an tilasta wa neman wani wuri - a wannan yanayin, zuwa Ghana.

A cikiKasashen Chocolate: Rayuwa da Mutuwa don Chocolate a Yammacin Afirka, Órla Ryan ya rubuta cewa, “A cikin 1895, fitar da kayayyaki a duniya ya kai tan metric tonne 77,000, tare da mafi yawan wannan koko daga Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean.A shekara ta 1925, fitar da kayayyaki ya kai fiye da ton 500,000 kuma Gold Coast ya zama babban mai fitar da koko."A yau, Yammacin Tekun Yamma ya kasance mafi yawan masu samar da cacao, wanda ke da alhakin kashi 70-80% na cakulan duniya.

Clarence-Smith ya gaya mana cewa "bayi ne suka noma koko a 1765", tare da "aikin tilastawa… yana shuɗewa zuwa 1914".Mutane da yawa ba za su yarda da sashe na ƙarshe na wannan bayanin ba, yana mai nuni ga ci gaba da rahotannin aikin yara, fataucin mutane, da kangin bashi.Bugu da ƙari, har yanzu akwai babban talauci tsakanin al'ummomin da ke samar da cacao a Afirka ta Yamma (yawancinsu, a cewar Ryan, ƙananan ne).

Jakunkuna cike da wake na cacao.

FITOWAR KYAU CHOCOLATE & CACAO

Cakulan da ke da darajar kayayyaki ta mamaye kasuwannin duniya a yau, duk da haka kyawawan cakulan da cacao sun fara fitowa.Sashin kasuwa da aka keɓe yana shirye don biyan farashi mai ƙima don babban cakulan cakulan wanda, a ka'ida, an samar da shi cikin ɗa'a.Waɗannan masu amfani suna tsammanin ɗanɗano bambance-bambancen asali, iri-iri, da hanyoyin sarrafawa.Suna kula da jimloli irin su "wake zuwa mashaya".

Cibiyar Fine Cacao da Chocolate, wacce aka kafa a cikin 2015, tana zana wahayi daga masana'antar kofi ta ƙwararrun wajen ƙirƙirar ma'aunin cakulan da cacao.Daga ɗanɗano zanen gado da takaddun shaida zuwa muhawara kan menene kyakkyawan cacao, masana'antar tana ɗaukar matakai zuwa masana'antar ingantaccen tsari wanda ke ba da fifiko mai inganci mai dorewa.

Amfani da cakulan ya samo asali da yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata - kuma babu shakka zai ci gaba da canzawa a nan gaba.